The Potential and Prospect for a MOOC-based Flipped Classroom Model in Turkish Higher Education in relation to Professional Teacher Development

Authors

Keywords:

Flipped Classroom, EFL learners, Pre-service English Language Teachers, MOOC, Connectivism, Teacher education

Abstract

The flipped classroom (FC) model and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have in recent years attracted great interest for teaching in higher education institutions. They have also been the subject of considerable attention in the literature. However, a critical review of the existing literature reveals the need for different approaches and initiatives regarding FC and MOOCs. Therefore, the present study aimed to find out the effect of a MOOC-based FC model on pre-service English language teachers' academic achievement. It also attempted to explore the perceptions of pre-service English language teachers based on their MOOC and FC experiences. The results showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of their academic performance. However, the study lays out a model with conceptual and methodological tools and provides educators with a conceptual framework built around new combinations of classroom teaching and self-paced/online studies. Therefore, as a complement to traditional face-to-face instruction, the MOOC-based FC model could be considered useful for the training of future teachers.

Author Biographies

Muhammed Özgür Yaşar, Eskişehir Osmangazi University

Muhammed Özgür Yaşar is an English Language Instructor and a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Foreign Language Education at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Turkey. He received his MA degree from Bahçeşehir University, Turkey in 2020. His research interests include connectivism, e-learning, Flipped EFL classrooms, and ELT in the MOOCs environment.

Mustafa Polat, Bahcesehir University

Mustafa Polat is currently an assistant professor of English Language Teaching at Bahcesehir University, Turkey. He received Ph.D. degree from the University of Arizona, US in 2016. His research interests include Computer Assisted Language Learning and Second Language Acquisition.

References

Adnan, M. (2017). Perceptions of senior-year ELT students for flipped classroom: A materials development course. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(3-4), 204-222.

Akçor, G. (2018). Exploring the perceptions of pre-service English language teachers of flipped classroom (Master's thesis). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Al‐Zahrani, A. M. (2015). From passive to active: The impact of the flipped classroom through social learning platforms on higher education students' creative thinking. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(6), 1133-1148.

Amiryousefi, M. (2019). The incorporation of flipped learning into conventional classes to enhance EFL learners' L2 speaking, L2 listening, and engagement. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13(2), 147-161.

Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2014). Flipped learning: Maximizing face time. T+ D, 68(2), 28-31.

Berrett, D. (2012). How 'flipping' the classroom can improve the traditional lecture. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 12(19), 1-3.

Bijlani, K., Chatterjee, S., & Anand, S. (2013, December). Concept maps for learning in a flipped classroom. Technology for Education (T4E), 2013 IEEE Fifth International Conference on (pp. 57–60). IEEE. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/T4E.2013.22.

Brown, J. D. (2009). Open-response items in questionnaires. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 200-219). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bruff, D. O., Fisher, D. H., McEwen, K. E., & Smith, B. E. (2013). Wrapping a MOOC: Student perceptions of an experiment in blended learning. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 9(2), 187-199. Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org/vol9no2/bruff_0613.htm

Bui, T. M. T. (2018). Flipped learning: A possible model in the Vietnamese EFL tertiary context. The Asian EFL Journal, 20(8), 69-75.

Cambridge Assessment English (2019). Teaching English online. In futurelearn. Online course. Retrieved October 7, 2019, from https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/online-tutoring

Chen Hsieh, J. S., Wu, W. C. V., & Marek, M. W. (2017). Using the flipped classroom to enhance EFL learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(1-2), 1-21.

Çukurbaşı, B., & Kıyıcı, M. (2017). Preservice teachers’ views about flipped classroom model. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 87-102.

Davies, R. S., Dean, D. L., & Ball, N. (2013). Flipping the classroom and instructional technology integration in a college-level information systems spreadsheet course. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(4), 563-580.

Deslauriers, L., Schelew, E., & Wieman, C. (2011). Improved learning in a large-enrollment physics class. Science, 332(6031), 862-864.

Deslauriers, L., & Wieman, C. (2011). Learning and retention of quantum concepts with different teaching methods. Physical review special topics-physics education research, 7, 1-6.

Ding, Y., & Shen, H. (2019). Delving into learner autonomy in an EFL MOOC in China: A case study. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-23. DOI:10.1080/09588221.2019.1681464

Farrah, M., & Qawasmeh, A. (2018). English student's attitudes towards using flipped classrooms in language learning at Hebron University. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 6(2), 275-294

Fraga, L. M., & Harmon, J. (2014). The flipped classroom model of learning in higher education: An investigation of preservice teachers' perspectives and achievement. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 31(1), 18-27.

FutureLearn (2019). Teaching English online. In futurelearn. Online course. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/online-tutoring

Galway, L. P., Corbett, K. K., Takaro, T. K., Tairyan, K., & Frank, E. (2014). A novel integration of online and flipped classroom instructional models in public health higher education. BMC Medical Education, 14(1), 181.

Gaughan, J. E. (2014). The flipped classroom in world history. The History Teacher, 47(2), 221-244.

Gilboy, M. B., Heinerichs, S., & Pazzaglia, G. (2015). Enhancing student engagement using the flipped classroom. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, 47(1), 109-114.

Ginting, D., Djiwandono, P. I., Woods, R., & Lee, D. (2020). Is autonomous learning possible for asian students? The story of a mooc from Indonesia. Teaching English with Technology, 20(1), 60-79.

Hao, Y., & Lee, K. S. (2016). Teaching in flipped classrooms: Exploring pre-service teachers' concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 250-260.

He, W., Holton, A., Farkas, G., & Warschauer, M. (2016). The effects of flipped instruction on out-of-class study time, exam performance, and student perceptions. Learning and Instruction, 45, 61-71.

Hung, H.T. (2015). Flipping the classroom for English language learners to foster active learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 81–96. doi:10.1080/09588221.2014.967701

Jitpaisarnwattana, N., Reinders, H., & Darasawang, P. (2019). Language MOOCs: An expanding field. Technology in Language Teaching & Learning, 1(1), 21-32.

Kim, M. K., Kim, S. M., Khera, O., & Getman, J. (2014). The experience of three flipped classrooms in an urban university: an exploration of design principles. The Internet and Higher Education, 22, 37-50.

Kirgoz, Y. (2007). English language teaching in Turkey: Policy changes and their implementations. RELC journal, 38(2), 216-228.

Knight, J. K., & Wood, W. B. (2005). Teaching more by lecturing less. Cell biology Education, 4(4), 298-310.

Kocabatmaz, H. (2016). Ters yüz sınıf modeline ilişkin öğretmen adayı görüşleri. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 14-24.

Kurt, G. (2017). Implementing the flipped classroom in teacher education: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 20(1), 211-221.

Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020, April 29). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how. WE FORUM. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global covid19-online-digital-learning/

Mackness, J., Mak, S., & Williams, R. (2010). The ideals and reality of participating in a MOOC. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on networked learning 2010 (pp. 266-275). University of Lancaster.

Manning, C., Morrison, B. R., & McIlroy, T. (2014). MOOCs in language education and professional teacher development: Possibilities and potential. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 5(3), 294-308.

Mangan, K. (2012). Massive excitement about online courses. The chronicle of higher education. Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.com/article/Massive- Excitement- About/134678/

Merrill, J. (2015). The flipped classroom: An examination of veteran teachers' practices when flipping their classrooms for the first time. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155313

Natividad, M. R. A., & Batang, B. L. (2018). Students' perceptual learning styles and attitudes toward communicative language teaching. TESOL International Journal, 13(4), 104-120.

O'Flaherty, J., & Phillips, C. (2015). The use of flipped classrooms in higher education: A scoping review. The Internet and Higher Education, 25, 85-95.

Özpinar, İ., Yenmez, A. A., & Gökçe, S. (2016). An application of flipped classroom method in the instructional technologies and material development course. Journal of Education and training Studies, 4(12), 213-226.

Qarabesh, M. A. M. (2020). Learning style preferences and attitudes to MOOCs: Common grounds for Saudi EFL learners' success. The Asian EFL Journal, 27(4), 132-152.

Saeidi, M., & Ahmadi, H. (2016). The effects of watching videos in pre-reading on EFL learners' reading comprehension and attitudes. TESOL International Journal, 11(2), 15-44.

Sallam, M. H., Martín-Monje, E., & Li, Y. (2020). Research trends in language MOOC studies: a systematic review of the published literature (2012-2018). Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-28.

Simon, E. (2019, June 13). An overview of blended language learning. The FLTMAG. https://fltmag.com/an-overview-of-blended-language-learning/

Snowden, K. E. (2012). Teacher perceptions of the flipped classroom: using video lectures online to replace traditional in-class lectures. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149663/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf.

Song, M., Song, Y., & Wei, Z. (2015, November). A teaching model of flipped classroom based on mooc. In 2015 Eighth International Conference on Internet Computing for Science and Engineering (ICICSE) (pp. 269-272). IEEE.

Strayer, J. F. (2012). How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation. Learning Environments Research, 15(2), 171-193.

Talbert, R. (2012). Inverted classroom. Colleagues, 9(1), 1-7.

Turan, Z., & Akdag-Cimen, B. (2020). Flipped classroom in English language teaching: A systematic review. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(5-6), 590-606.

van Manen, M. (2016). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Routledge.

Vaughan, M. (2014). Flipping the learning: An investigation into the use of the flipped classroom model in an introductory teaching course. Education Research and Perspectives, 41(1), 25-41.

Wong, S. Y., Tee, W. J., & Lim, P. V. (2015). Design model for integrating learning activity management system (LAMS), massive open online courses (MOOC) and flipped classroom in Taylor's integrated moodle e-learning system (TIMeS). In Taylor's 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 379-387). Springer, Singapore.

Xinying, Z. (2017). Researching into a MOOC embedded flipped classroom model for college English Reading and Writing course. In Q. Kan & S. Bax (Eds), Beyond the language classroom: Researching MOOCs and other innovations (pp. 15-27). Research-publishing.net.

Yaşar, M. Ö. (2020). Can MOOCs promote EFL learners’ English communication skills? Language and Technology, 2(1), 1-15.

Yaşar, M. Ö., & Polat, M. (2021). A MOOC-based flipped classroom model: Reflecting on pre-service English language teachers’ experience and perceptions. Participatory Educational Research, 8 (4), 103-123. DOI: 10.17275/per.21.81.8.4

Zainuddin, Z., & Attaran, M. (2016). Malaysian students' perceptions of flipped classroom: A case study. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 53(6), 660-670.

Ziegelmeier, L. B., & Topaz, C. M. (2015). Flipped calculus: A study of student performance and perceptions. Primus, 25(9-10), 847-860.

Downloads

Published

2021-11-02

Issue

Section

Articles